本单元知识点的讲解与分析　　　　　　　　　　　本单元相关语法的讲解

1. To be here at Christmas time is a dream.　that has come true!
　圣诞期间到这儿来是（我的）梦想，它终于实现了。
　句中的to be here作主语，是动词不定式作主语。that引导的从句在句中作dream的定语。
【例】To help her is necessary.
　　= It's necessary to help her.
　　帮助她是必要的。
　　动词不定式在句中可以作主语，有时可以用it来作形式主语。
【例】To be here at Christmas time is a dream.
　　= It's a dream to be here at Christmas time.

2. Let's help decorate the tree.
　让我们一起来装饰这棵树吧！
　decorate（V.）意为“装饰”。
【例】Today is Tom's birthday. They are decorating the sitting room.
　今天是汤姆的生日，他们正在装饰客厅。
　另外，let sb. do sth. 意思是“让某人做某事”，必须省去to的动词不定式；
　help (sb.) do sth. = help (sb.) to do sth. 意思是“帮助某人做某事”，
　可省略to，也可不省略to。
【例】Let's help carry some water for the old woman. Let Ted help her to carry the heavy box.
　让我们来为这位老妇人挑些水吧。让泰德来帮她搬这个重箱子。

3. Then we circle them around the tree and you pass them back to me until we have put lights on the whole tree.
　然后我们把这些绕到树上，你从后面传给我直到把灯都绕上去。
　circle(V.) “环绕，绕圈子”。
【例】The birds circled around in the air.
　鸟在空中绕圈子。
　circle (n.) “圆，圈子”。
【例】Tom has a large circle of friends.They often draw a circle on the ground to play the game.
　汤姆有一大群朋友，他们经常在地上画一个圆圈玩游戏。

4. Children put stockings at the end of their beds before they go to sleep.
　在孩子们睡觉之前，他们在床头挂上一只长统袜。
　at the end of　…　意思是“在……终点，在……末梢”，通常指地点；
　by the end of　…　意思是“到……底之前”，通常指时间；
　in the end 意思是“最后，终于”，相当于at last.
【例】By the end of this term, we've learnt one thousand English words. Yesterday, we went to buy some new English book. At the end of the Hongan street, there is a supermarket. But we couldn't find any English book there. In the end we reached the corner of a book market and find what we wanted.
　到这个学期底之前，我们已经学了一千多英语单词。我们去买些新英语书。在洪安街的尽头，有一家超级市场。但是在那儿我们找不到一本英语书，最终我们在一个书市的拐角找到了。

5. Some people even put up stockings for their pets as well.
　有的人甚至也为他们的宠物挂上衣袜子。
1）pet (n.) 供玩赏的动物；受宠爱的人。
【例】He keeps a cat as a pet. And she is the teacher's pet.
　他养了一只猫当作宠物。她是老师最宠爱的学生。

2）as well 意思是“也；又；同样地”，放在句末。
【例】Are you going to do your brother's washing as well?
　你也为你兄弟洗衣服吗？
句中的as well相当于“too”。
【例】I have nothing to do as well.
　我也无事可做。
　句中的as well相当于“either”。
注意：在表达“也”这一意思时，可以用as well, too, also, either. 但是，also一般用于较为正式的文体当中，它的位置一般靠近动词，放在行为动词的前面，位于连系动词be、情态动词或助动词的后面。either只能用于否定句，且必须放在句末。as well和too通常是放在句子的末尾，as well既可用于肯定句，也可用于否定句，而too只用于肯定句，且一般放在句末，用或不用逗号分开均可。但有时也可放在句中作插入语，前后都要用逗号分开。
【例】On the hill there are also a lot of people.
　在山上也有许多的人。
　Jack hasn't seen the film. I haven't seen it, either.
　杰克没有看过这部电影，我也没有看过。
　He speaks English too.
　他也讲英语。
　Waste water, too, can be recycled.
　废水也可以回收再用。
　She sent me a letter and a present as well.
　他给我寄来了一封信，还有一件礼物。

6. Father Christmas is very kind - hearted.
　圣诞老人心肠非常好。
　kind- hearted是复合形容词，它由“形容词 + 名词 + ed”构成，常用来描述人或物。如：
　true - hearted 忠实的
　cold - hearted 冷酷的
　warm - hearted 热心肠的
　black - haired 黑头发的
　blue - eyed 蓝眼睛的
　three - legged 三条腿的

7. Father Christmas is based on a real person in history.
　圣诞老人源于历史上一个真实的人物。
　be based on 意思是“以……为根据；以……为基础。”
　real (adj. ) 常指“事实上存在的；不虚构的；具体的”；
　true (adj.) 指的是“与事实相符的；抽象的”。
【例】- His argument is based on facts. The story is about a real man.
　　　　他的辩论是以事实为根据的。这个故事是真人真事。
　　　- Is it true you're going to play it for your family?
　　　　你将为你的家人表演这个故事是真的吗？
　　　- Yes, I'm looking for the true answer about that man's name.
　　　　是的，我正在寻找关于那个人名字的正确答案。
　　　- I don't think John is his real name.
　　　　我认为约翰不是他的真名。

8. He didn't know what to do.
　他不知道做什么。
　动词不定式和疑问代词who, what, which等，疑问副词when, where, how等连用，在句子中作主语、宾语、
　表语等句子成分。
【例】Where to go is still a question.
　　　到哪儿去仍然是个问题。（作主语）
　　　I can't decide which to buy.
　　　我下不了决定到底买哪一个。（作宾语）
　　　The question is how to learn English well.
　　　问题是怎样才能学好英语。（作表语）

9. It went into a stocking that a little girl had hung by the fireplace to dry!
　它掉进了一个小女孩挂在炉边准备烘干的袜子里。
　句中的hung是hang的过去分词。hang作“吊着，悬挂”解时，其过去式和过去分词都为hung；
　如果hang作“上吊；绞死”解时，其过去式和过去分词都为hanged。使用时要注意区别。
【例】My mother hung the washing out in the garden.
　　　父亲把洗好的衣服晾在花园里。
　　　He was hanged for murder.
　　　他因杀人而被绞死。

10. Even though Father Christmas is no longer living, his spirit of generosity lives on today.
　即使圣诞老人不再活在人间，但他的慷慨的精神仍然存在。
1) even though　意思是“即使……也”，大多置于句首，引导让步状语从句，相当于even if。
【例】Even though/ if I don't sleep for a night, I'll help you.
　　　即使我一夜不睡，我也要帮助你。
　　　Even though/ if he doesn't come, I shall not mind.
　　　即使他不来，我也不介意。
2) no longer = not…any longer 意为“不再”。
【例】He is no longer a child. = He is not a child any longer.
　　　他不再是小孩子。
　　　That old man no longer lives here. = That old man doesn't live here any longer.
　　　那位老人不再住在这里了。
3) live on意为“继续活着，继续存在”
【例】Lei Feng has died, but his spirit lives on for ever.
　　　雷锋虽然死了，但他的精神将永远存在。
　类似的短语还有：
　walk on 继续走
　go on 继续干
　talk on 接着说
　hold on　请稍等

11. Children wake up every early, and can't wait to open the presents in their stockings and under the tree.
　孩子们醒得早，并且迫不及待地打开在他们长统袜里和在树下的礼物。
1) wake up　意思是“醒来”；
wake sb. up 意思是“唤醒某人”，up是副词，当代作宾语时，要放在wake和up之间。
【例】His mother always wakes him up at six every morning.
　　　他妈妈总是在早晨六点钟叫醒他。
　　　The baby woke up and began to cry because he didn't see his mother.
　　　因为没看到妈妈，婴儿醒来就哭起来。
2) can't wait to do sth. 意为“迫不及待地做某事；急着去做某事”。
【例】I can't wait to read the story book, it is too interesting.
　　我迫不及待地看起故事书，它太有趣了。
　　He can't wait to tell me the news.
　　他迫不及待地要告诉我这个消息。

12. They spend the day playing with the new toys and visiting their relatives and friends.
　他们花一整天去玩新玩具和拜访亲朋好友。
　spend…(in) doing sth. “花费……干……”；spend …on sth. “花费……”。
　前者in后接由动名词构成的短语，而且in常可省略；后者on后接名词、代词或由此构成的短语。
【例】He spent a lot of money on books. He spent a lot of money (in) buying books.
　　　他花很多钱买书。
　　　She spent the afternoon (in) cleaning the windows and floors.
　　　她花了一下午的时间，擦窗户和地板。
　　　My mother told me not to spend too much time on football.
　　　母亲叫我别把太多的时间花在踢足球上。

13. What are the stockings for?
　那些长统袜是干什么用的？
　What…for? 意思是“干什么用，为什么”等，有时for可以提前。
【例】For what is the machine?
　　　这机器是干什么用的？
　　　For what did he come here? = Why did he come here?
　　　他为什么来这儿？

14. Once upon a time, a man told people of the coming of a boy.
　以前，有个向人们讲述一个男孩即将出事的事。
1) Once upon a time 意思是“以前”，用于故事开头。
【例】Once upon a time, there lived a fisherman.
　　　从前，有一个渔夫住在这里。
【例】Once upon a time there were six blind men in a village in India.
　　　从前在印度的一个乡村里住着六个盲人。
2) tell (sb.) of 意思是“告诉（某人）……”，也可以用tell (sb.) about.
【例】I will tell you of (about) my trip.
　　　我要同你讲我的旅游。
　　　I told her of (about) my worries.
　　　我告诉她我的担忧。

本单元相关语法的讲解　　　　　　　　　　　本单元知识点的讲解与分析

● 动词不定式（二）
前面我们已学过了不定式的构成以及其作宾语，宾语补足语和作状语。本单元继续介绍了不定式的用法。介绍了不定式作定语，同时还介绍了不定式和疑问词连用。
* 不定式作定语
He has too many things to do.
他要做的事太多了。
I have nothing to say on this question.
在这个问题上，我没有什么话要说。
The next train to arrive was from shanghai.
下一列到站的火车是从上海开来的。
注意：动词不定式作定语，修饰名词或代词，要注意以下两点：①要带to放在所修饰名词的后面；②如果所修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式短语的宾语，这时要注意保持动词不定式短语的完整性，不要漏掉介绍或副词等。例如：
I have a lot of housework to do tonight.
今晚我有许多家务活要做。
动词不定式to do放在所修饰的名词housework之后。
I need a pen to write with.
我需要一支钢笔写字。
I think there is nothing to worry about.
我认为没有什么可担心的事情。
动词不定式to write with, to worry about分别作名词pen，不定代词nothing的定语，由于pen, nothing在短语中是一个宾语成分，所以不能省去介词with和about。
* 动词不定式和疑问词连用
动词不定式可以和疑问代词what/ which/ whom等连用；可以和疑问副词how / when/ where等连用，在句中可以作表语、宾语和定语。但how/ when/ where不作宾语，what/ which/ whom可作宾语。whether不作句子成分。例如：
I don't know what to do.
我不知道该怎么办。 （不定式短语作宾语）
When to start has not been decided.
何时动身尚未决定。 （不定式短语作主语）
The difficulty was how to cross the river.
困难在于如何过河。 （不定式短语作表语）
注意：没有why to do it这种说法。
● have (has) been to 与have (has) gone to的区别
have (has) been to 表示主语去过某地，而现在已不在那里；have (has) gone to表示主语去了某地，现在已不地此地。如：
My teacher has been to Japan twice.
我的老师曾到过日本两次。（现在不在日本）
My teacher has gone to Japan.
我的老师到日本去了。 （现在不在此地了，有可能到了日本，有可能还去日本的路上）
* 易混点：
【例】
①A．Where have you been? (√)
B．Where have you gone? (×)
C．Where has he gone? (√)
D．Where has he been ? (√)
②A．He has been to Dalian. (√)
B．He has been in Dalian. (√)
C．He has gone in Dalian. (×)
D．He has gone to Dalian. (√)
【辨析】
①have gone 人已走了，无法问"你上哪儿去了？"
②have gone to + 地点，到某处去了，不用gone in + 地点。
have / has been / gone to接地点名词，若接副词，如：away, home, out, 则不用to。例如：
Where have you been? 你到哪儿去了？
I've been away/ home / out. 我外出了/回家了/出去了。（现在我在这儿）
Where has Mary gone? 玛丽到哪去了？
She has gone away/ home/ out. 她外出了/回家了/出去了。（现在她不在这儿）
have/ has been in 是指在某地呆过或人仍在某地。